Rice Production by Country 2025

Rice stands as humanity's most critical staple crop, feeding over half the world's population, with India and China nearly tied for global leadership at 206.7 and 206.6 million tonnes respectively in 2023. Global production reached 800 million tonnes in 2023, showing modest 1.4% growth. Bangladesh ranks third with 58.6 million tonnes, followed by Indonesia at 54.0 million tonnes and Vietnam at 43.5 million tonnes. This ancient grain, cultivated for over 10,000 years, provides 20% of global dietary energy and forms the dietary foundation across Asia, parts of Africa, and Latin America. Rice cultivation spans from sea level to 3,000-meter elevations, from flooded paddies to rain-fed uplands, supporting livelihoods for over 1 billion people worldwide.

🏆 India-China Production Rivalry

India leads narrowly with 206.7 million tonnes in 2023, up from 174.7 million in 2018, demonstrating consistent 3.4% annual growth. Production spans diverse agro-climatic zones from Punjab's irrigated plains to West Bengal's monsoon-fed deltas. India cultivates both indica and japonica varieties, with basmati commanding premium export markets. The country balances domestic food security needs—rice provides 45% of caloric intake for 1.4 billion people—with export opportunities as world's largest rice exporter. Government procurement systems, minimum support prices, and public distribution networks shape production decisions. China produces 206.6 million tonnes with more stable output, focusing on self-sufficiency for 1.4 billion consumers. Chinese production concentrates in Yangtze River valley, Northeast provinces, and southern regions, emphasizing high-yielding hybrid varieties developed through decades of agricultural research.

Rice Production by Country 2025

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#	Country	2025 (est.) (Tonne)
1	China CN	208,418,640
2	India IN	203,290,300
3	Bangladesh BD	57,740,175
4	Indonesia ID	54,298,248
5	Vietnam VN	43,317,598
6	Thailand TH	33,219,885
7	Myanmar MM	26,707,590
8	Philippines PH	19,948,733
9	Pakistan PK	13,493,626
10	Cambodia KH	12,378,600
11	Brazil BR	10,707,833
12	Japan JP	10,326,540
13	United States US	8,861,751
14	Nigeria NG	8,670,100
15	Nepal NP	5,534,175
16	South Korea KR	4,990,594
17	Egypt EG	4,938,552
18	Madagascar MG	4,935,137
19	Sri Lanka LK	4,304,506
20	Tanzania TZ	3,843,700
21	Laos LA	3,694,918
22	Iran IR	3,494,637
23	Peru PE	3,423,200
24	Guinea GN	3,282,810
25	Colombia CO	2,881,680
26	Mali ML	2,855,411
27	Malaysia MY	2,256,209
28	North Korea KP	1,905,558
29	Ivory Coast CI	1,848,604
30	DR Congo CD	1,729,993
31	Taiwan TW	1,515,474
32	Sierra Leone SL	1,514,631
33	Senegal SN	1,459,010
34	Uruguay UY	1,367,520
35	Italy IT	1,352,270
36	Ghana GH	1,345,000
37	Ecuador EC	1,273,740
38	Argentina AR	1,238,970
39	Russia RU	1,024,161
40	Paraguay PY	1,017,866
41	Dominican Republic DO	983,576
42	Guyana GY	948,380
43	Türkiye TR	935,000
44	Venezuela VE	723,285
45	Bolivia BO	641,912
46	Afghanistan AF	600,560
47	Australia AU	540,345
48	Benin BJ	507,751
49	Nicaragua NI	499,208
50	Burkina Faso BF	474,025
51	Kazakhstan KZ	472,763
52	Burundi BI	440,451
53	Mauritania MR	435,680
54	Panama PA	429,219
55	Spain ES	395,612
56	Uzbekistan UZ	352,427
57	Cameroon CM	345,206
58	Uganda UG	299,680
59	Liberia LR	265,620
60	Mexico MX	251,353
61	Chad TD	230,095
62	Guinea-Bissau GW	223,184
63	Ethiopia ET	219,527
64	Suriname SR	209,598
65	Kenya KE	209,422
66	Greece GR	208,713
67	Mozambique MZ	196,262
68	Togo TG	175,541
69	Portugal PT	171,266
70	Cuba CU	153,301
71	Niger NE	141,300
72	Haiti HT	141,000
73	Tajikistan TJ	138,182
74	Malawi MW	137,250
75	Rwanda RW	133,688
76	Chile CL	114,000
77	Costa Rica CR	102,566
78	Iraq IQ	94,285
79	Turkmenistan TM	86,437
80	Timor-Leste TL	76,241
81	France FR	65,947
82	Zambia ZM	63,199
83	Bulgaria BG	63,000
84	Morocco MA	53,024
85	Central African Republic CF	52,248
86	Gambia GM	48,964
87	Kyrgyzstan KG	45,924
88	Honduras HN	43,537
89	Bhutan BT	40,818
90	Guatemala GT	38,792
91	South Sudan SS	32,659
92	Sudan SD	26,340
93	Angola AO	25,187
94	North Macedonia MK	19,485
95	Belize BZ	16,458
96	Ukraine UA	16,363
97	Romania RO	14,101
98	El Salvador SV	13,680
99	Azerbaijan AZ	12,213
100	Fiji FJ	9,554
101	Hungary HU	9,114
102	Brunei BN	3,750
103	Puerto Rico PR	3,315
104	South Africa ZA	3,082
105	Solomon Islands SB	2,749
106	Somalia SO	2,000
107	Gabon GA	1,732
108	Eswatini SZ	1,000
109	Congo CG	1,000
110	Papua New Guinea PG	883
111	Saudi Arabia SA	816
112	Zimbabwe ZW	780
113	Algeria DZ	307
114	Trinidad and Tobago TT	271
115	Micronesia FM	182
116	Comoros KM	13
117	Hong Kong HK	0.06

🌏 Southeast Asian Rice Bowl

Bangladesh produces 58.6 million tonnes with steady growth, achieving near self-sufficiency through high-yielding boro (dry season) rice cultivation. The country transformed from chronic rice deficit to occasional surplus through irrigation expansion and improved varieties. Indonesia maintains 54.0 million tonnes, striving for self-sufficiency despite population pressure on limited arable land. Vietnam produces 43.5 million tonnes, ranking as world's third-largest exporter after India and Thailand. Vietnamese rice, particularly fragrant varieties and high-quality jasmine types, competes in premium markets. Thailand produces 33.1 million tonnes, down from historical peaks, but maintains reputation for premium jasmine rice commanding 20-30% price premiums. Thai rice exports target quality-conscious markets in Middle East, Africa, and Asia. Myanmar produces 25.7 million tonnes, emerging as significant exporter as political stability improves. Philippines produces 20.1 million tonnes but remains major importer, unable to meet domestic demand despite government self-sufficiency programs.

🌾 Production Systems and Varieties

Lowland irrigated rice accounts for 75% of global production, grown in flooded paddies with controlled water management. This system achieves highest yields (6-10 tonnes/hectare) but requires substantial water—1,500-2000 liters per kilogram of rice. Rain-fed lowland rice depends on monsoon rainfall, producing 2-4 tonnes/hectare with higher risk. Upland rice grows without flooding in well-drained soils, yielding 1-2 tonnes/hectare, important in Africa and Latin America. Deep-water and floating rice adapt to seasonal flooding in Bangladesh, Vietnam, and Thailand. Indica varieties dominate tropical regions—long-grain, non-sticky rice preferred in South and Southeast Asia. Japonica varieties thrive in temperate zones—short-grain, sticky rice favored in Japan, Korea, and northern China. Aromatic varieties including basmati and jasmine command premium prices. Hybrid rice, pioneered in China, yields 15-20% more than conventional varieties but requires purchased seed annually.

💧 Water Crisis and Sustainability

Rice cultivation consumes 40% of global irrigation water, creating sustainability concerns as water scarcity intensifies. Traditional continuous flooding wastes water through seepage, evaporation, and runoff. Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) reduces water use 25-35% without yield loss, but adoption remains limited. Methane emissions from flooded paddies contribute 10% of agricultural greenhouse gases—anaerobic decomposition of organic matter produces this potent climate pollutant. Direct-seeded rice eliminates transplanting labor and reduces water use but increases weed pressure. System of Rice Intensification (SRI) claims higher yields with less water through younger seedlings, wider spacing, and organic inputs, though results vary. Climate change brings irregular monsoons, temperature extremes affecting flowering, and increased pest pressure. Sea-level rise threatens coastal rice lands in Bangladesh, Vietnam, and Myanmar through saltwater intrusion.

🌍 African and Latin American Production

Nigeria leads African production with 8.9 million tonnes, growing rapidly as rice becomes urban staple. However, Nigeria imports 2-3 million tonnes annually, making it Africa's largest importer. Tanzania produces 3.6 million tonnes, Guinea 3.5 million, and Mali 3.0 million tonnes. African rice yields average 2.5 tonnes/hectare, half of Asian levels, due to limited irrigation, lower input use, and infrastructure constraints. West Africa cultivates indigenous Oryza glaberrima alongside Asian Oryza sativa, with NERICA (New Rice for Africa) hybrids combining both species' traits. Brazil produces 10.3 million tonnes, concentrated in Rio Grande do Sul state's irrigated systems producing high-quality long-grain rice. Peru, Colombia, and Ecuador maintain significant production for domestic markets. Latin American yields approach Asian levels through mechanization and technology adoption.

📊 Global Trade and Food Security

Only 10% of rice production enters international trade—lowest among major grains—as most countries prioritize domestic food security. India exports 20-22 million tonnes annually (40% of global trade), followed by Thailand (6-7 million), Vietnam (6-7 million), Pakistan (4-5 million), and USA (3-4 million). Major importers include China (4-5 million tonnes despite massive production), Philippines (3-4 million), Nigeria (2-3 million), and EU (2 million). Rice prices show higher volatility than wheat or corn due to thin trade volumes and government interventions. The 2008 rice price crisis, when prices tripled in months, triggered export bans and social unrest, highlighting rice's political sensitivity. Most governments maintain strategic reserves and intervene in markets to ensure affordable rice for consumers.

🔮 Future Challenges and Innovations

Global rice demand projected to grow 25% by 2050, requiring production increase from 800 to 1,000 million tonnes. However, yield growth rates declining—from 2.5% annually in 1980s to under 1% currently—as farmers approach biological yield ceilings. Arable land expansion limited by urbanization and environmental constraints. Climate-smart varieties tolerant to drought, flooding, salinity, and heat stress under development through conventional breeding and genetic modification. Golden Rice, biofortified with vitamin A, addresses micronutrient deficiencies affecting 2 billion people, though adoption faces regulatory and acceptance challenges. Mechanization reduces labor requirements as rural populations migrate to cities. Precision agriculture using drones, sensors, and data analytics optimizes input use. The rice sector must produce more with less water, lower emissions, and greater climate resilience while maintaining affordability for billions of consumers dependent on this essential grain.

Rice Production by Country 2025

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#	Country	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2025 (est.)
1	China	212,129,000	209,614,000	211,860,000	212,843,000	208,494,800	206,603,200	208,418,640
2	India	174,711,000	178,296,000	186,543,000	194,198,000	203,624,000	206,727,000	203,290,300
3	Bangladesh	54,416,000	54,586,344	54,905,891	56,383,442	57,189,193	58,613,458	57,740,175
4	Indonesia	59,200,534	54,604,033	54,649,202	54,415,294	54,748,977	53,980,993	54,298,248
5	Vietnam	44,046,250	43,495,488	42,765,000	43,852,729	42,660,798	43,497,625	43,317,598
6	Thailand	32,348,114	28,617,948	31,734,268	32,977,775	33,629,506	33,070,957	33,219,885
7	Myanmar	28,016,100	26,691,400	26,399,600	27,438,300	27,983,100	25,650,000	26,707,590
8	Philippines	19,066,094	18,814,827	19,294,856	19,960,170	19,756,392	20,059,562	19,948,733
9	Pakistan	10,798,000	11,120,483	12,629,514	13,984,009	10,983,081	14,803,800	13,493,626
10	Cambodia	10,892,000	10,885,700	10,936,000	12,207,000	11,624,000	12,900,000	12,378,600
11	Brazil	11,808,412	10,368,639	11,091,011	11,660,605	10,776,268	10,285,663	10,707,833
12	Japan	10,606,000	10,540,100	10,476,100	10,616,200	10,451,000	10,136,000	10,326,540
13	United States	10,152,890	8,396,180	10,319,860	8,665,970	7,259,340	9,901,510	8,861,751
14	Nigeria	8,403,300	8,435,510	8,171,800	8,342,000	8,502,000	8,902,200	8,670,100
15	Nepal	5,610,011	5,550,878	5,621,710	5,130,625	5,486,500	5,724,200	5,534,175
16	South Korea	5,195,437	5,016,083	4,713,162	5,211,037	4,998,223	4,897,839	4,990,594
17	Egypt	3,123,708	4,804,296	4,804,000	4,241,894	4,300,578	5,600,000	4,938,552
18	Madagascar	4,030,000	3,910,629	4,227,927	4,570,673	4,873,948	5,117,636	4,935,137
19	Sri Lanka	3,929,831	4,592,056	5,120,924	5,149,596	3,392,905	4,513,431	4,304,506
20	Tanzania	3,414,815	3,474,766	4,527,500	4,045,400	4,135,400	3,588,000	3,843,700
21	Laos	3,584,700	3,534,500	3,519,100	3,494,890	3,594,800	3,835,000	3,694,918
22	Iran	3,106,400	4,422,300	4,560,700	3,032,900	3,629,200	3,598,594	3,494,637
23	Peru	3,557,900	3,190,969	3,434,199	3,538,444	3,439,013	3,367,614	3,423,200
24	Guinea	2,339,747	2,385,929	2,459,015	2,839,900	3,158,100	3,534,800	3,282,810
25	Colombia	2,591,400	2,639,200	3,038,500	2,980,400	2,608,500	3,006,100	2,881,680
26	Mali	3,167,528	3,196,336	3,010,027	2,420,245	2,864,723	3,023,891	2,855,411
27	Malaysia	2,639,202	2,352,870	2,356,392	2,441,597	2,281,736	2,166,738	2,256,209
28	North Korea	2,087,623	2,803,713	2,113,019	2,100,000	1,992,213	1,775,788	1,905,558
29	Ivory Coast	2,006,845	1,883,956	1,481,182	1,659,000	1,703,514	2,011,500	1,848,604
30	DR Congo	1,286,872	1,378,846	1,476,290	1,580,620	1,692,323	1,812,345	1,729,993
31	Taiwan	1,949,796	1,791,211	1,750,729	1,560,870	1,576,000	1,461,000	1,515,474
32	Sierra Leone	918,713	947,464	1,049,795	1,978,905	1,397,000	1,399,500	1,514,631
33	Senegal	1,206,587	1,155,730	1,349,723	1,382,120	1,409,120	1,519,700	1,459,010
34	Uruguay	1,247,000	1,200,000	1,209,000	1,309,000	1,397,900	1,372,700	1,367,520
35	Italy	1,470,090	1,492,620	1,507,490	1,459,310	1,236,960	1,378,640	1,352,270
36	Ghana	769,401	925,000	973,000	1,143,000	1,283,000	1,463,000	1,345,000
37	Ecuador	1,083,300	882,400	1,072,400	1,207,000	1,252,800	1,313,000	1,273,740
38	Argentina	1,367,968	1,189,866	1,222,910	1,453,187	1,222,426	1,163,209	1,238,970
39	Russia	1,038,222	1,098,660	1,141,819	1,076,412	920,095	1,065,700	1,024,161
40	Paraguay	894,600	1,069,200	1,187,768	1,180,600	975,069	978,450	1,017,866
41	Dominican Republic	965,250	919,464	934,754	1,006,394	1,029,316	947,005	983,576
42	Guyana	964,000	1,049,900	1,057,600	860,000	929,600	995,000	948,380
43	Türkiye	940,000	1,000,000	980,000	1,000,000	950,000	900,000	935,000
44	Venezuela	490,583	516,752	704,531	717,000	729,000	722,370	723,285
45	Bolivia	541,157	600,044	487,427	550,182	608,681	698,544	641,912
46	Afghanistan	525,500	570,900	655,400	622,300	592,000	597,000	600,560
47	Australia	635,113	66,835	50,226	422,978	691,444	496,633	540,345
48	Benin	459,313	406,083	411,578	519,667	525,014	492,626	507,751
49	Nicaragua	438,079	468,319	476,992	492,028	504,391	498,969	499,208
50	Burkina Faso	350,392	376,527	451,421	451,014	438,982	504,254	474,025
51	Kazakhstan	482,945	560,668	556,775	503,771	431,391	485,183	472,763
52	Burundi	89,296	241,211	248,102	491,662	453,112	412,369	440,451
53	Mauritania	322,600	255,500	291,300	428,400	403,000	458,200	435,680
54	Panama	350,195	372,245	391,600	406,370	432,925	436,135	429,219
55	Spain	798,880	778,780	739,230	617,180	350,420	334,100	395,612
56	Uzbekistan	221,089	314,659	293,451	334,226	359,147	355,674	352,427
57	Cameroon	327,366	292,850	290,449	315,300	343,100	358,433	345,206
58	Uganda	199,266	167,000	275,000	327,900	347,000	260,000	299,680
59	Liberia	257,995	276,400	279,000	255,600	288,000	256,200	265,620
60	Mexico	283,763	245,217	295,338	257,041	246,317	252,100	251,353
61	Chad	259,540	290,563	278,053	242,647	231,965	223,952	230,095
62	Guinea-Bissau	176,000	187,000	198,142	213,918	224,000	226,400	223,184
63	Ethiopia	171,854	170,630	268,223	280,633	208,000	202,000	219,527
64	Suriname	273,916	274,266	249,836	263,749	184,235	203,156	209,598
65	Kenya	112,605	160,585	180,890	186,000	192,299	229,064	209,422
66	Greece	222,690	220,930	287,410	245,340	214,750	190,440	208,713
67	Mozambique	170,129	179,836	175,322	207,821	245,792	161,920	196,262
68	Togo	145,489	147,053	159,852	165,541	169,608	183,100	175,541
69	Portugal	160,790	161,500	132,790	175,900	155,570	178,830	171,266
70	Cuba	460,870	391,842	266,595	225,786	143,812	130,000	153,301
71	Niger	101,607	121,760	115,000	134,000	144,000	142,600	141,300
72	Haiti	164,643	186,087	159,306	155,000	140,000	136,000	141,000
73	Tajikistan	90,446	106,442	99,000	141,700	142,000	134,485	138,182
74	Malawi	112,313	132,728	145,446	155,000	147,000	124,300	137,250
75	Rwanda	113,880	131,577	116,504	131,758	135,075	133,628	133,688
76	Chile	192,808	174,897	169,697	146,085	100,557	109,232	114,000
77	Costa Rica	179,638	157,016	137,504	151,018	114,343	76,119	102,566
78	Iraq	18,196	574,705	464,159	422,463	11,637	12,602	94,285
79	Turkmenistan	79,838	85,070	86,234	86,214	86,285	86,617	86,437
80	Timor-Leste	57,000	47,822	49,983	45,455	85,500	83,000	76,241
81	France	71,430	82,570	75,460	62,340	64,480	68,270	65,947
82	Zambia	43,063	29,584	34,630	65,876	62,280	62,680	63,199
83	Bulgaria	60,720	70,920	65,810	58,120	64,320	64,160	63,000
84	Morocco	63,037	64,598	65,700	50,901	49,110	56,222	53,024
85	Central African Republic	12,070	12,552	48,801	50,265	51,773	53,326	52,248
86	Gambia	28,000	31,900	40,288	40,173	44,597	55,100	48,964
87	Kyrgyzstan	40,783	41,219	44,474	46,338	44,248	46,765	45,924
88	Honduras	59,648	56,523	65,634	53,819	51,129	34,870	43,537
89	Bhutan	63,890	49,948	54,088	40,508	41,049	40,804	40,818
90	Guatemala	32,564	22,776	23,583	24,143	27,891	51,193	38,792
91	South Sudan	12,821	24,555	26,232	26,024	36,515	33,000	32,659
92	Sudan	45,000	48,000	51,200	35,000	28,000	21,880	26,340
93	Angola	9,699	10,102	10,567	10,514	10,563	39,830	25,187
94	North Macedonia	19,732	21,278	19,518	18,962	18,981	19,997	19,485
95	Belize	13,375	13,900	13,942	14,990	15,364	17,701	16,458
96	Ukraine	69,210	54,570	60,680	49,480	3,090	11,080	16,363
97	Romania	42,860	39,530	24,670	14,980	16,900	12,070	14,101
98	El Salvador	22,764	27,603	23,497	19,146	14,504	11,000	13,680
99	Azerbaijan	11,975	11,070	9,397	10,062	10,715	13,972	12,213
100	Fiji	7,051	6,589	8,847	10,368	12,991	7,165	9,554
101	Hungary	13,420	11,030	11,740	9,520	10,150	8,330	9,114
102	Brunei	2,400	2,300	3,900	4,100	3,600	3,700	3,750
103	Puerto Rico	1,387	1,835	2,286	2,733	3,181	3,628	3,315
104	South Africa	3,080	3,080	3,081	3,081	3,081	3,082	3,082
105	Solomon Islands	2,755	2,758	2,754	2,743	2,748	2,753	2,749
106	Somalia	1,766	2,003	2,008	2,000	2,000	2,000	2,000
107	Gabon	1,760	1,727	1,726	1,738	1,730	1,731	1,732
108	Eswatini	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,001	1,000
109	Congo	1,166	1,123	1,085	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000
110	Papua New Guinea	861	860	880	879	882	885	883
111	Saudi Arabia	18	400	787	814	815	816	816
112	Zimbabwe	1,363	1,134	192	2,908	539	74	780
113	Algeria	301	308	308	306	307	307	307
114	Trinidad and Tobago	586	575	734	351	125	326	271
115	Micronesia	181	184	181	182	182	182	182
116	Comoros	7	5	5	4	5	21	13
117	Hong Kong	0.05	0.05	0.06	0.05	0.06	0.06	0.06